International Investment In China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Universal Investment In China - Essay Example In any case, related with these open doors are additionally hazards going up against the organizations with regards to universal venture. This paper essentially incorporates the immediate venture worries in the global business range and furthermore presents the instance of Shell plc for instance of UK's immediate interest in China. There has as of late been an expanding pattern with respect to the global partnerships from the formed world to go into exchange and venture with developing economies of the world. There happen to be a few components mindful to prompt the outside organizations to put resources into less created or developing markets. Samli and Kaynak (1984) allude to the idea of developing markets as like less created nations described principally with farming based economy, high populace development levels, lower salary levels, low proficiency level, absence of base, and absence of capital and so on. China is additionally one of the rising economies of the Asian world, which is rapidly ascending the stepping stools of monetary advancement and flourishing through a momentous development in different modern and financial segments. The ongoing quick financial blast in China and open market strategy has anticipated the nation's picture on the planet as an appealing business sector for global venture (Sun and Chai, 1998). ... Chinese government and money related condition deliberately bolster and urge worldwide organizations to enter the market so it can avow the steady advancement of the Chinese economy (Zhao, 2003). In a similar vein, a few UK organizations having recognized and dissected the open doors in the Chinese market are making immediate and circuitous interest in the nation that carries remote stores to the nation just as happens to be beneficial for the these enterprises. Huaning and Colin (2004) allude to the United Kingdom as the pre-famous financial specialist in China during the ongoing years among all the European Union nations. Case: Shell's Investment In China Shell transpires of the significant financial specialist in Chinese market. In the year 2002, it entered the oil market of China with a venture of 255m (FT.com News, 2002). The organization further extended its business exercises in the nation and as of late the organization trusted to a task concerning coal abuse in a joint endeavor with a Chinese band together with a forthcoming speculation of about 2.7b, likely the biggest ever venture got by the nation (FT.com, News, 2006). Along these lines, Shell plc put resources into the Chinese market by method of direct speculation. The expanding enthusiasm of Shell plc in the Chinese market is intelligent of the speculation allure of the nation as to its cheap work, developing economy and flooding request. Determinants And Merits Of Investment By UK Companies In China Changhong and Weili (2002) propound that there happen to be two noteworthy structures through which the global companies put resources into a creating nation viz.

A Comparison of Shakespeares Prince Hamlet and Machiavelli’s The Princ

A Comparison of Prince Hamlet and Machiavelli's The Princeâ â â â â â â â â â Â Â â Machiavelli expresses that it is fundamental for a ruler, who wishes to look after himself, to figure out how not to be acceptable, and utilize this information and not use it, as per the need of the case. Machiavelli's thoughts both investigate to the techniques utilized by Hamlet. Hamlet's longing to make the lord distraught and in the long run execute him, is the thing that he figures he should do so as to fix things. Hamlet battles to keep up his situation as ruler. Maybe he comes up short on the fundamental characteristics of a ruler illustrated by Machiavelli. Â As indicated by Machiavelli, the quest for all things viewed as idealistic and admirable will just prompt the ruler's ruin. This is totally evident on account of Hamlet, since he is on a mission to retaliate for his dad's passing. The fight among great and abhorrence is continually in the bleeding edge of Hamlet's psyche, as he falters between acting common or seeking retribution inside and out. Before all else, Hamlet battles to stay great consistently, yet this causes him outrageous anguish. Hamlet is a legitimate man, who laments for his dad. He endures in view of the deceptive nature of the others in the court, particularly his mom and his uncle, and later, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Hamlet can see through them all, and understand that they're exploitative. He expresses these words to Guildenstern: Anything other than to th' reason. You were sent for, and there is a sort of admission in your looks, which your modesties have not make enough to shading. I know the great King and Queen have sent for you. (Hamlet, II, ii., 278-280) Â Hamlet's genuineness is additionally observed when he is talking with his mom. In act I, scene ii, Gertrude asks him for what reason the de... ...e his objective was to get and hold power. He needed to demonstrate Claudius to be an unfit ruler, and he did as such, however just as Hamlet himself was going to pass on. Hamlet needed to cause melancholy by slaughtering the ruler, yet at long last, he is viewed as a legend, since he exposed his dad's executioner. Â Sources Cited and Consulted: Dark, Terry A. Mr. William Shakespeare and the Internet. http://www.palomar.edu/Library/shake.htm. Jones, W. T. Experts of Political Thought. Ed. Edward, McChesner, and Sait. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947. Lee A. Jacobus.â A World of Ideas: Essential Readings for College Writers.â fifth release. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince. Trans. Slope Thompson. Norwalk: The Easton Press, 1980. Shakespeare, William. The Three-Text Hamlet. Eds. Paul Bertram and Bernice Kliman. New York: AMS Press, 1991.

Legitimate Businesses Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Authentic Businesses - Assignment Example These are probably the most huge explanations for the ill-advised job of the sorted out wrongdoing making its imprint under the aegis of the authentic organizations in the time and time of today3. The real organizations in this way accepting various issues through the aggregate working belief systems as set forward by the sorted out wrongdoing philosophy4. The mafias annihilate the premise of a workplace that exists in an association and it is thus that the top administration is generally careful about its reality and proliferation in the drawn out plan of things. The authentic organizations in this manner order available resources to ensure that these issues are kept under control and the preventions don't show up for one explanation or the other5. What is most troubling is the way that the mafias continue getting expanded with the progression of time and the real organizations are in a bad way the vast majority of the

How Do I Start Writing My Essay For College Admission?

<h1>How Do I Start Writing My Essay For College Admission?</h1><p>Once you have done all the easily overlooked details to compose your article for school confirmation you might be pondering, how would I begin composing my exposition? Well there are various approaches to begin. You could just peruse the guidelines furnished with the paper composing programming program that you use or you could go on the web and quest for test articles that different understudies have written.</p><p></p><p>There are various sorts of expositions and composing an exposition is the same. Most understudies will choose to compose a test prep paper before they really plunk down to compose their genuine articles. A test prep exposition is an approach to learn significant data about points that are essential to your paper subject. On the off chance that you know precisely what themes will be canvassed in your school affirmations article then you will be more ready to c ompose your paper effectively.</p><p></p><p>If you have not yet begun to compose your exposition for school confirmation you should think about this thought. Why not make a rundown of the subjects that you will cover in your article. On the facade of your paper put the rundown of topics.</p><p></p><p>Your school confirmations exposition will be increasingly viable on the off chance that you don't hold back on the foundation inquire about expected to appropriately address the inquiries that will be posed during the affirmations meet. During the school confirmations talk with, it is ideal to give some data about yourself yet don't give the entirety of the data that you will need.</p><p></p><p>Writing an article about your encounters as an understudy doesn't really imply that you have the entirety of the appropriate responses that will be inquired. Begin by doing some examination on your topic.</p><p>&l t;/p><p>It isn't sufficient to be a decent essayist. You likewise should have the option to communicate your thoughts plainly and adequately. Research has a major influence in the capacity to get over your thoughts clearly.</p><p></p><p>One approach to assist you with beginning composing your school affirmations exposition is to peruse the example papers that different understudies have composed. When you have perused two or three these articles, you will have the option to get some key thoughts. You can likewise discover some example articles online.</p><p></p><p>Remember that try not to be reluctant to utilize your creative mind when composing your school confirmations paper. Ensure that you are set up by investigating some example essays.</p>

Essay Topics in English - Tips to Come Up With Great Topics

<h1>Essay Topics in English - Tips to Come Up With Great Topics</h1><p>Some individuals have a similar thought with regards to exposition themes in English, while others are increasingly imaginative and concocted various subjects. This is the reason there are such a large number of individuals who experience issues recorded as a hard copy a paper that is drawing in and captivating. Be that as it may, it doesn't really imply that you won't improve results by utilizing article themes in English.</p><p></p><p>When it comes to paper subjects in English, there are various decisions. It might be a battle to think of certain thoughts that are exceptional, however they despite everything will have the option to concoct a decent theme. The explanation behind this is on the grounds that there are a great deal of assets that can assist you with finding out about the various kinds of points that you can apply in your assignments.</p><p></p ><p>The first thing that you can do with regards to exposition subjects in English is investigating different locales that offer paper themes in English. There are a wide range of things that you can discover on these destinations that will be useful to you. One of the fundamental things is the instrument that they use. What they do is that they will let you enter the title or the subject and afterward they will give you test article topics.</p><p></p><p>In along these lines, you will have the option to perceive how the writer utilized distinctive exposition points. You can ensure that you're not going to utilize a similar subject for the entirety of your assignments. This will be an incredible method to shield you from sitting around idly and exertion with regards to writing.</p><p></p><p>The next thing that you can do is to discover what the distinctive exposition themes are. It may not be anything but difficult to do, yet i t is something that you can do to shield you from getting debilitated. There are a few unique subjects that you can use for your expositions, and the best thing that you can do is to peruse through them and see what they need to offer.</p><p></p><p>Even in the event that you have explored the diverse article points in English, there is as yet an opportunity that you won't discover something that you like. For whatever length of time that you can set aside the effort to check around, you ought to have the option to locate the correct one for you. Along these lines, you won't feel like you burned through your time and exertion with regards to exposition points in English.</p><p></p><p>The last thing that you can do is to get tips from others who have effectively utilized article themes in English. In spite of the fact that you may feel that they won't help you, they do. They will have the option to assist you with making sense of the bes t paper subjects in English for you, and they will likewise tell you precisely the best way to compose an article that will be novel and captivating.</p><p></p><p>These are only a couple of ways that you can utilize exposition points in English. By doing this, you will have the option to get the most ideal outcomes recorded as a hard copy. This implies you will have the option to get a superb evaluation and will have the option to graduate high school.</p>

Things You Should Know About Uc College Application Essay Examples

<h1> Things You Should Know About Uc College Application Essay Examples </h1> <p>The capacity of the section is to help the perusers to fathom the manner in which the mother's passing occasioned by the crash influenced the friends and family and how he has been struck by another disaster. You could open with an account or a charming story that will exhibit the absolute most noteworthy areas of your inclination and character, offering a knowledge that will help the affirmation officials get the chance to comprehend what your identity is. For example, if your preferred theme is the subject of writing, you could discuss your encounters with different sorts or with outside writers.</p> <h2>Ruthless Uc College Application Essay Examples Strategies Exploited </h2> <p>Now in case you're watching out for tips about how to respond to those inquiries, continue perusing the resulting. When you've perused the directions various events and assembled your notes, you can start making a blueprint to sort out your article and settle on a choice with respect to what message you have to send. Giving subtleties and instances of your private experience will have the option to assist you with standing out from the group. Having considered the above strategies and think about an awesome theme, it is the opportune time to begin the creative cycle. </p> <p>Don't overlook, the individual inquiries are just that individual. Else, you should augment your subtleties. It's the little subtleties that could be generally uncovering. </p> <p>It's exceptionally useful to dismantle composing as an approach to see only the way that it achieves its targets. Of course, you'll have a system for your educational plan, and you'll have counselors available to helpbut for the enormous part, you will be all alone to address the circumstances which will unavoidably emerge when you blend to your differing peers. Thusly, in case you're not effectively dedicated to a specific arrangement of study, don't stress. Attempt to recollect that the confirmations don't base their choice inside this part as it were. </p> <h2> Uc College Application Essay Examples Can Be Fun for Everyone </h2> <p>Make sure that your exposition makes a positive impression. Rather, you must understand that inside this paper, as in the remainder of the expositions, the how matters a mess more than the what. By and large, 1 paper can turn into your very own announcement for various applications. Extremely, the application articles are significantly more like a short story. </p> <p>Generally, the absolute first, arrangement, segment of the article should be shorter, in light of the fact that it won't be centered around what you were doing. This segment incorporates two instances of magnificent school articles. With the resulting guide, CollegeVine is here so as to help give a few indications on the most proficient method to handle this paper. Start by drafting a reaction to one of the papers in the absolute first classification. </p> <h2> What to Do About Uc College Application Essay Examples</h2> <p>Writing the school application exposition can be among the most overwhelming bits of applying to school. For example, you plan to be a specialist later on since you love science and science. Utilize the article to exhibit how you contrast from the remainder of the competent candidates. For example, you may prove your choice of a particular major or your enthusiasm for concentrating with certain personnel on the grounds. </p> <p>Community is a fairly significant issue to universities. It is conceivable to characterize network as you see fit, simply guarantee you talk about your capacity in that network. </p> <h2>Type of Uc College Application Essay Examples </h2> <p>Leadership might be the dynamic between only two individuals, and doesn't need to include a proper spot of initiative. All things considered, consider what the experience most uncovers about you. Innovation as of now has a noteworthy influence in our kid's universes. </p> <h2> New Step by Step Roadmap for Uc College Application Essay Examples</h2> <p>The point is to share the sorts of things which don't end up on your transcript. This inquiry is endeavoring to test the way that you communicate. The fundamental issue is to show that in any event, when you don't exceed expectations in scholastics, you do exceed expectations in various things. Before you're ready to address an issue, you must comprehend that the difficult exists. </p> <p>Various things to different people, since the circumstance requested. By the decision of secondary school, some of the encounters which you're generally pleased with don't tend to be the kind of things that breeze up on your resume. Presently things began to get extremely charming. For example, you encountered lost some sort. </p>

What Absolutely Everybody Is Saying About Samples Evaluation Essay and What You Should Do

<h1> What Absolutely Everybody Is Saying About Samples Evaluation Essay and What You Should Do</h1> <p>While the principal foundation advancement will make sure that the country is dynamic, the conservation of the country's legacy will keep on keeping the country's spirit rich and alive. In any case, you should consider rules that you will be depicting in the absolute first segment of the human body segment. Try not to choose an in vogue new French café in the event that you haven't any thought what French cooking should have an aftertaste like. You should think about the best accessible variety of definitely a similar thing as you're examining. </p> <h2> The Birth of Samples Evaluation Essay</h2> <p>Think about the rules you will use in your assessment article to win an unmistakable judgment. It is imperative to attempt to recollect an assessment must remain reasonable. It is significant to build up it since it won't make your assessment se em to be a sentiment. Assuming this is the case, your assessment will be a beaten activity. </p> <p>Anevaluation article is a perfect technique that could discover in the event that one has authority characteristics. The theory explanation should feature your general judgment about the subject. A general proposal likewise should be advertised. </p> <p>As an outcome, before composing, you should pick which rules you will talk about. At the point when one composes an individual kind of exposition, the underlying impression is the way that it is completely given to self articulation and without a detail. As an undergrad you'll be mentioned to make different structures out of papers. In the event that you wish to make an assessment paper and get high evaluations, you will make certain to require a program! </p> <p>There are a couple of general plans to assist you with making an incredible significant assessment exposition. One of the genuine points of interest when you need to present an assessment exposition is you have the opportunity to pick from a collection of subjects. Regardless of whether you might want to arrange an instance of an assessment exposition, gain admittance to another assortment of magnificent points, purchase a blueprint to upgrade your chances of effectively finishing a task in time or utili ze a talented editor to check your paper, you may consistently depend on us. While picking a point for an assessment paper, it is important to focus on a specific association, administration, item or strategy. </p> <p>Hopefully, our tips about how to form an assessment article in a coherent manner will empower you to complete your paper. In front of composing, one should get broad comprehension about the subject. There are heaps of brilliant assessment article points and an author can choose the one which bids to their inclinations. On the off chance that points for assessment exposition are inaccessible, at that point the author is completely allowed to pick any subject of her or his own advantage. </p> <p>Every one of them contains helping inquiries for you to be in a situation to limit any point down to a particular angle. In the event that no particular point was proposed to the author, they can pick any subject under daylight for building up the assessment exposition. You should just depict the issue and we are going to endeavor to settle it with you. </p> <p>From an incredible model it is conceivable to pick the norms that the writer has utilized in her or his composition. Consider the scholastic control that you need to form the exposition for in the absolute first area. Whatever subjects for assessment paper you select, you should guarantee giving a complete idea to the perusers. </p> <h2>Key Pieces of Samples Evaluation Essay </h2> <p>Your own sincere belief about the film must match the previously mentioned text. The survey is a kind of input, yet it has a considerable contrast. There are a ton of film sweethearts who composed quit awesome audits on the film. At the point when you need to get free data with respect to a film or café, you will be looking for surveys on the web. </p> <h2>The Importance of Samples Evaluation Essay </h2> <p>It is an outlandish undertaking to make an incredible systematic article without training. Expounding on a point that you comprehend about is additionally valuable. Verify you have introduced enough fundamental information and subtleties, or so the peruser will be set up to concur with your assessment. An assessment is very much like an audit. </p>

Best Books on Essay Writing

<h1>Best Books on Essay Writing</h1><p>In the eyes of the paper journalists, there are a ton of better books on article writing to look over. A large portion of them guarantee that their books offer the best guidance for article composing and along these lines you should have the best of exhortation to compose an essay.</p><p></p><p>In reality, you can discover a great deal of a word of wisdom accessible on the web yet in the event that you can't discover great books on exposition composing, what do you do? All things considered, I can help you by giving you a portion of the books that you should purchase. You can get them at the book shop or online.</p><p></p><p>'Writing Essay - Creating an Essay to Win Essay' is a suggested book for the individuals who love composing papers. It is anything but difficult to peruse, straightforward and extremely accommodating for understudies and educators who need to improve their art icle composing abilities. I have taken in a great deal from this book, particularly about how to build up my exposition reviewing aptitudes and manufacture my trust recorded as a hard copy. The writer likewise offers huge amounts of incredible counsel about the various types of exposition composing that you can attempt to learn from.</p><p></p><p>'Essay Writing Made Easy' is another acceptable book that merits perusing. This book was composed by one of the most renowned article authors, David Bach. He has composed numerous books, which are on the whole still important. This book incorporates subjects that make you think just as points to improve your composing skills.</p><p></p><p>'The Essay Game' is a book that will cause you to examine your articles just as break down your school works. It will give you that you can really investigate your expositions and improve them, while simultaneously improve your paper composing aptitudes. An i deal asset for an understudy who wishes to improve his/her composing skills.</p><p></p><p>'Getting Ideas' is a book that shows you how to improve your exposition composing and write in a precise way. This book offers you an orderly way to deal with do look into and examine your article content. It can show you new procedures in your exposition composing and improve your composing skill.</p><p></p><p>These are a portion of the great books that can help you in improving your article composing aptitudes. You can peruse them at your recreation and improve your exposition composing aptitudes simultaneously. Ensure you locate the best books on paper writing.</p>

Buy a Term Paper College at a Glance

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Essay Topics For a Tale of Two Cities

Essay Topics For a Tale of Two CitiesIf you are searching for essay topics for a tale of two cities, you may be interested in this article. I have put together a list of some good ones that should give you a good idea of where to start in writing your thesis. Writing this topic will probably be one of the most important parts of your degree, so I wanted to make sure that you were well prepared.Research Topics - It is essential that you spend as much time on this as possible. Research topics for a tale of two cities will provide you with the most opportunities to tell your story. And your thesis should tell your story. This may also give you an opportunity to incorporate some new information that you have learned throughout your coursework.Facts - You will need to write a lot of facts about your topic. Facts can go into other sections in your thesis, so it will help to think about ways to include a lot of these facts in the essay. And you will want to research every bit of this inform ation before you start writing your own thesis. In addition, if you are going to include facts in your essay, you will want to make sure that you remember to write them all down so that you can refer back to them at a later date.Facts are great, but you have to be careful about how you choose to use them. You can make your facts a part of your research topics by using them throughout your thesis. You can include them in your thesis for the purposes of illustration or to support other points in your thesis. However, you do not want to combine too many facts into your thesis.Research Topics - Research topics are also great, but again, you need to be careful how you use them. Research topics are often very important for the purpose of supporting your thesis. However, you do not want to spend all of your time on research topics, because that would be counterproductive. You should focus more on your research topics than on your research topics.Other Research Topics - Another great thing about researching is that you will find out a lot of things that you might not have discovered on your own. You will also have a lot of questions about your subject matter that you could use your research skills to answer. So you will probably want to find an assignment that allows you to have more of your own time to focus on your research.If you are looking for essay topics for a tale of two cities, you should look around and see what is available to you. Remember that research topics are essential, but remember that essay topics are also equally important.

Attaining alignment between it and business - Free Essay Example

1 Introduction 4.1 BACKGROUND TO THE RESEARCH PROBLEM For almost three decades practitioners, academics, consultants, and research organizations have identified attaining alignment between IT and business as a pervasive problem, Luftman and Kempaiah (2007). Gutierrez,Nawazish,Orozco,Serrano and Yazdouni (2007) add that despite the wide acceptance of strategic alignment (the strategic use of Information Technology), there is no consensus on how to achieve alignment and with few references that detail the process, there is no common agreement on the term alignment. Terminology such as linkage Henderson and Venkatraman (1993) harmony, integrated, linked, and synchronocity Luftman and Kempaiah (2007) have been suggested and used.. Steiner (1979b) points out that there no consensus as to the meaning of strategy in the business world. An example of the definitions which he uses include the following Steiner (1979a): 1. Strategy is that what executives do they that empower the organization. 2. Strategy is the direction the organization takes which is aligned with its purposes and missions. 3. Strategy consists of the important activities necessary to realize these directions. 4. Strategy answers the question: What should the organization be doing to achieve success? 5. Strategy answers the question: What are the means to end? Mintzberg (1994), says that people use strategy in several different ways, the most common being: * Strategy is a plan, a how, a means of getting from here to there. * Strategy is a pattern in actions over time; for example, a company that regularly markets very expensive products is using a high end strategy. * Strategy is perspective, that is, vision and direction. * Strategy is position; that is, it reflects decisions to offer particular products or services in particular markets. Porter (1998) states that strategy positioning attempts to achieve sustainable competitive advantage by preserving what is distinctive about a company and that strategy, is the creation of a unique and valuable position, involving a different set of activities, requires that trade-offs be made in competing, to chose what not to do and involves creating fit among a companys activities. Fit has to do with the ways a companys activities interact and reinforce one another. To improve the strategic management of information technology, Henderson and Venkatraman (1993), developed a framework which they called the Strategic Alignment Model (SAM). This model was defined in terms of four fundamental domains of strategic choice namely business strategy, information technology strategy, organizational infrastructure and processes and information technology infrastructure and processes. The model is defined in terms of two fundamental characteristics of strategic management namely the strategic fit (the interrelationship between external and internal components) and functional integration (integration between business and functional domains). Luftman (2001) improved on the Henderson and Venkatraman (1993) SAM model by developing the Strategic Alignment Maturity Model (SAMM). The model measures ITbusiness alignment maturity. Six interrelated components for assessing alignment maturity are identified. These are communications, value, governance, partnership, scope and architecture and skills. The scores an organization achieves for these six components of maturity are then compared to a five-level maturity model to denote the organization IT-business alignment maturity Luftman (2001).The levels range from level one to level five where level five is the highest level of maturity. A higher alignment maturity correlates with higher firm performance measures Luftman (2001). Tying performance measures to strategic goals is a critical step Fonvielle and Carr (2001). A tool to measure performance and to align strategic goals within organisations is the Balanced Scorecard (BSC). The BSC was developed by Kaplan and Norton (1992) to overcome the businesss reliance on financial measures. They contend that reliance on only financial measures does not give a complete overview of the organisations measures. The BSC provided a framework to look at strategy, used for value creation from four different perspectives these being financial, customer, internal business process and innovation and learning Kaplan and Norton (1992).One of the principles recommended by the authors, is that for an organization to be focused on strategy, there needs to be alignment among departments to the strategy of the organisation. The alignment sequence recommended by Kaplan and Norton (2006) starts when the corporate headquarters articulates enterprise value proposition that will create synergies among operating units, support units and external partners. This sequence includes aligning IT strategy with the business strategy. Model Alignment Problems SAM Inability to realize value from IT investments is, in part due to the lack of alignment between business and IT strategies SAMM Alignment is frequently focused only on how IT is aligned with the business and not vice versa, the organisation only sought one method to improve alignment and that there is no effective tool to gauge maturity of IT-business alignment Balanced Scorecard Surveys reveals that the greatest gap occurs in organisation alignment when compared to other strategic management problems 4.1 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM Business and IT strategies at PRASA need to be better aligned. 4.1 What is passenger rail agency of south africa (PRASA)? Appendix A, gives a comprehensive overview of the historical context and the introduction of PRASA taken from the companies business plan. Following is a summary of the key issues PRASA was created by Government to advance its agenda for the transformation of the public transport system into a vibrant, efficient one, As part of its strategy, PRASA (2009), to secure the future of its business, PRASA will focus its resources and energies during the current medium term expenditure framework (METF) on the following three Strategic Priorities: * Service Excellence within Metrorail, Shosholoza Meyl and Autopax * Property and Asset Development, and * Technology Upgrade or Modernization of its key transport systems The key objectives identified by Government in addressing the challenges of passenger rail transport moving forward PRASA (2009) are as follows: * Sustainable passenger rail service delivery; * Improved performance of passenger rail services in terms of the quality and levels of services to passengers; * Improved efficiency in the delivery of services; * Improved effectiveness of asset management; * Effective targeting of subsidies to achieve desired socio-economic transport objectives; * Improved oversight by Government; and * Improved accountability to the users. 4.1 Why prasa? PASSENGER TRANSPORT CHANGE IMPERATIVES 1..1 The Public Transport Challenge After many years of neglect, the existing commuter transport system, inherited from the apartheid past, has reached saturation levels and is unable to satisfy passenger demands while its infrastructure is not able to meet the requirements of a rapidly changing and modern society. The dysfunctional institutional arrangements have meant poor accountability in the provision of public transport services, which were found to be largely disempowering. Governments socio-economic and transport policies could not be supported adequately by such institutional arrangements. The country is seeking to move away from the current commuter-based transport provision into a more integrated public transport system that meets growing and changing passenger demands in an efficient, effective and sustainable manner. The twin challenges for public transport is to simultaneously transform through meaningful integration whilst at the same time enhancing capacity through upgrading and modernization to meet lo ng-term need PRASA (2009). 1..2 Inadequate Passenger Service Provision Passenger rail in South Africa faces many challenges as a result of a long history of inadequate investment in rail rolling stock, infrastructure and operations as well as the loss of appropriate managerial and technical (engineering) skills within the industry. The shortage of such critical skills has a direct negative impact on the delivery of services. In the urbanising metropolitan areas the provision of new rail corridors has not kept pace with the rapidly changing urban landscape resulting in limited coverage in key areas of urban expansion with the consequential loss of significant market share. Over time, commuter rail services have continued to fail to respond adequately to changing passenger demands PRASA (2009). 1..3 Customer-Centric Delivery A dynamic and customer-centric public transport system is required where passengers contribute to and shape the service delivery agenda. The need for a Passenger or Quality Charter and the emergence of strong, vibrant structures championing both the interests of passengers and public transport transformation are vital to the development of a public transport system that will effectively respond to the travelling needs of passengers. The past few years has seen the emergence of vibrant, community-based structures championing public transport transformation and demanding quality services from Government and transport service providers. This movement seems to be growing and shows the determination of South Africans to participate in the construction of a transport system that will effectively respond to their demands PRASA (2009). 4.1 PRASA Vision, Mission Values Vision A provider of integrated public transport solutions for improved mobility Two fundamental principles underpin the vision:- Integration PRASA should facilitate integrating individuals and communities, enabling a better quality of life through access to socioeconomic opportunities Mobility Solutions PRASA should connect individuals and communities through the provision of public transport solutions that are founded on an integrated network of mobility routes PRASA (2009) Mission Sustainable Public Transport Solutions through Service Excellence, Innovation and Modal Integration PRASA (n.d.) The mission reflects four key intentions:- Service excellence superior performance that is safe, reliable and affordable, that makes a lasting impression, and builds brand loyalty both internally (employees) and externally (customers) that adds benefit to the passenger. Sustainability a focus on sustainable development in business that considers not just the financial bottom line of prosperity and profit, but also the other bottom lines of environmental quality and social equity. Mobility solutions reframing the basis of business delivery, favouring innovation, integration and partnerships Integration safe, seamless dignified travel experiences across all modes of public transport, PRASA (n.d.) Values The values that will guide PRASA, which will underpin the performance ethos of the organization derived from and are guided by the fundamental and progressive human values of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa:- Service Excellence, Participation, Integrity, Fairness and Innovation, PRASA (2009) 4.1 OPPORTUNITY FOR Passenger Services 1..1 Commuter Rail Services The provision of efficient and affordable public passenger transport services is integral to Governments drive to create employment opportunities, stimulate economic development and reduce levels of poverty. Enhanced mobility will facilitate greater access to socio-economic opportunities for the urban and rural poor whilst contributing to an efficient transport system to the benefit of all South Africans highlighting the need for a vibrant public passenger transport network to support sustainable growth and development PRASA (2009). Commuter rail has the potential to be the most efficient, affordable and safe mode of travel. It plays a significant role in key Metropolitan areas such as Cape Town and has the potential to become an important public transport player in all metropolitan areas, significantly contributing to an efficient and reliable public transport system in these areas. Despite the acknowledged increase in the growth of car-ownership and usage, public transport and walking continue to dominate the mobility needs of the majority of South Africans and this is likely to continue for the next decade. Metropolitan areas in South Africa are experiencing rapid urbanization. Rail is in a unique position to facilitate greater integration between land use planning and transport infrastructure provision, and providing security, to private and public sector investment, of stable long-term public transport provision. This is vital to creating sustainable communities where peoples access to economic and social o pportunities is improved. In this context, railway lines need to be positioned, located, aligned with evolving spatial developments and formalised within the statutory planning processes undertaken primarily by local government. The creation of PRASA and the integration of rail and road-based transport services will, over time, provide the user with public transport choices moving away from a market of captive users to one where dignified travel choice is a real option PRASA (2009). 1..2 Inter-City / Regional Passenger Services Historically, long distance rail and road based services have not received the attention required to make them demand responsive in key market areas including migrant workers, students, tourists and occasional travellers. The Department of Transports Public Transport Strategy Action Plan notes that: There is a significant potential for the growth in migrant worker long distance public transport provision. The dominant generators of migrant movement are Gauteng and KZN The increase in tourism provides opportunities for segmenting the market that build upon the strengths of both long distance rail and coach operations. Rural areas in South Africa are undergoing a process of economic and social restructuring with a shift in emphasis towards rural trade and agro-processing. These factors reinforce the need for a public transport service sector that responds to the emerging needs of these rural / regional development nodes since transport links between the rural trade areas and the rural regions (hinterlands) remains unreliable, rendering access to services and emerging economic opportunities extremely difficult. This lack of access will continue to trap many in the poverty cycle. Governments decision to consolidate passenger rail entities and road-based long distance bus services into a single entity, PRASA, reporting to the Department of Transport are underpinned by a number of key drivers. The recognition by Government that rail consolidation was required to deal with the under-performance of rail passenger services as well as the historical under-investment in the passenger rail business. Institutional arrangements did not promote efficiency and accountability and significant change was required to overcome the inherent institutional dysfunctions that had been created. Confusion existed between the contractor and regulatory functions implicitly embodied in the SARCC/Transnet relationship PRASA (2009). The critical need for sustainable funding to reverse the decline in commuter rail levels of service being experienced by commuters has been identified. This funding profile was captured in the National Rail Plan, which was accepted by Cabinet in December 2006, where the funding and investment requirements were identified for passenger rail over the following ten years PRASA (2009). 4.1 PRASA Objective PRASA (n.d.) primary objective is: To ensure that at the request of the Department of Transport, rail commuter services are provided within, to and from the Republic in the public interest; and To provide, in consultation with the Department of Transport, for long haul passenger rail and bus services within, to and from the Republic in terms of the principles set out in section 4 of the National Land Transport Transition Act, 2000 (Act No.22 of 2000).. 4.1 Strategy of prasa PRASA (2009) objectives are supportive of the Board of Controls (BOC) key performance areas as seen in figure 2 below Figure 2 Key Performance Area and Strategic Objectives BOC Key Performance Area PRASA Strategic Objective Contribute to Governments objective of safe, affordable, accessible and reliable public transport provision Service Excellence in the provision of integrated best practice public transport solutions that are affordable, reliable, predictable and operationally safe Investment in infrastructure to contribute to growth and development Asset Utilisation ensuring the productive investment in, and use of, assets and the property portfolio through the application of total life-cycle management practices, processes and procedures to all assets Provision of sustainable quality services Service Quality Passenger Growth sustaining dependable and superior customer service benefit that achieves a high customer satisfaction Financial effectiveness to maximize operational efficiencies Financial Effectiveness ensuring efficient and effective deployment of available resources to achieve the required results and outcomes through the productive use of all resources Corporate Governance Legislative compliance Governance and Compliance ensuring controlled compliance to statutory requirements by entrenching a culture of corporate governance practices and accountability as well as Fraud Prevention within PRASA Contribution to the achievement of Governments socio-economic goals Strategic Sourcing through an effective and efficient supply chain management process and promotion of broad-based economic empowerment and industrial policy objectives Human Capital Resources Development Learning and Growth ensuring that the appropriate knowledge and skills are acquired and maintained to sustain change and improvement for the betterment of the organization through developing human capital development processes to build human capital capabilities 4.1 CHALLENGES FACING PRASA 1..1 Consolidation / Turnaround / Restructuring The sequential amalgamation, in quick succession, of the SARCC, Metrorail, Shosholoza Meyl and Autopax bring with it the normal challenges that are posed when merging disparate organizations in related but different operational arenas. A key driver in Governments decision to consolidate these entities into a single delivery arm of the DOT was to effect operational and asset turnaround of what were acknowledged to be declining businesses, albeit, some with the potential for growth. Linked with both these processes is the need to internally restructure the various businesses to align them with the new mandate given to PRASA through the amendment to the Legal Succession Act that was promulgated on 23 December 2008 PRASA (2009). 1..2 Sustainable Funding The ability to provide the requisite level of funding (substantial) to address both the investment capital and rapidly expanding operational requirements to affect the mandate is fundamental to the successful performance of PRASA. The integrated passenger transport plan requirements will need to be developed. Fully motivated funding requirements, covering both operations and investment capital, in line with the 5-year financial plan requirements of the various Integrated Transport Plans (ITPs), will be developed to begin to align the funding requirements with statutory plan requirements. The approved funding base makes no provision for two key activities that need to be accommodated: The incorporation of Autopax, an operating company that is currently materially dependent upon Transnet Limited for funding to re-capitalize and sustain the business going forward. The acquisition of new rolling stock. Analysis has indicated that the rolling stock refurbishment and upgrading programs are not maintaining pace with the requirements to buy time before the inevitable purchasing of new fleet becomes unavoidable. While the profile reflects a rising trend in investment funding support, the allocation of these funds to the different asset classes (Rolling Stock Infrastructure) will need to be reviewed. A careful balance needs to be struck to ensure that the sustainability of the asset base is not compromised PRASA (2009). 1..3 Ageing Rolling Stock and Infrastructure PRASA (2009) reports that the prolonged under-investment in passenger rail of almost thirty years is manifestly experienced in the deterioration of the general rail asset i.e. Rolling Stock and Infrastructure (Signalling and telecommunications, electrical systems, perway). This has resulted in a situation where services are experiencing continued decline, primarily due to poor availability and reliability of rolling stock and ageing infrastructure. The lack of investment in the asset base has also had a negative impact in the skills base of the passenger rail industry over a period of time. For example, the average age profile of commuter coaches is 40 years and has been left behind by international advancements in rail technology over the past few decades. The life expectancy of railway rolling stock is of the order of 54 years. The railway industry norms are that the coaches will be upgraded at half life (27 years) and overhauled every 9 years, so as to ensure the structural and su b-systems integrity is not compromised by metal fatigue, age, wear and tear or environmental condition. Thirty-three percent (33%) of the commuter rail fleet is already above 36 years and therefore would be uneconomical to upgrade. 1..4 Human Capital Development Human capital development is generally understated and under-rated in supporting the development of an organization. It is a multi-faceted process that requires clear understanding to enable human capabilities to be built that will support the key performance drivers of the business and ultimately the business results that can be expected from that performance. The key challenge for PRASA is to formulate human capital development processes that facilitate and fast-track the appropriate human capital capabilities at all levels within the organization that will enable delivery on the key drivers of which, in the case of PRASA are : * increased productivity (operational efficiencies), * improved service quality (service excellence), * customer focus and * innovation in the provision of integrated public transport solutions The nature of the various operational divisions, while related and providing synergistic opportunities for service co-operation and delivery, are by their very nature, different business environments, each requiring a specific set of human capabilities to perform optimally. PRASA needs to provide guidance in the process framework that delivers this requirement PRASA (2009). 1..5 Change Management The finalisation of the PRASA consolidation process, the turnaround and restructuring necessitate that a number of parallel change management processes are undertaken. Numerous change management processes will be identified that are needed to combine the five organizations into a consolidated organization. The very ability of PRASA to ensure effective implementation of such processes becomes critical as is the capacity of the organization (including divisions and subsidiaries) to manage them successfully PRASA (2009). 1..6 Leadership Skills Development There is currently an acknowledged shortage of key skills as well as a lack of depth of skills in critical areas within the organization. For PRASA to meet the expanded mandate of supporting governments socio-economic and transport objectives in both urban and rural contexts, the organization will need a focused approach to human capital development, on leadership development, talent management and the progressive training of a strong base of key skills that will lay the foundation for sustaining rail passenger transport sector PRASA (2009). 1..7 Rail Technology Development PRASA, of necessity, will need to become a technology based organization that blends best practice policies with intelligent asset management philosophies to leverage organisational productivity and efficiency gains to provide shareholder value. PRASA recognises that technology upgrade is critical to the modernisation of South Africas railways and is well aware that the capacity for technology upgrade may not be immediately available in South Africa or the African Continent as a whole. Technological obsolescence is a major factor that will inhibit PRASA from delivering on its mandate. A rail technical strategy that guides technological renewal, upgrading, replacement and development over the next 30 years is a critical requirement. The average age of the metropolitan rail commuter networks/system in South Africa ranges between 60 80 years and still supports 1940/50s technology. The system in SA is showing serious age related condition decline with increasing systemic risks and techn ological obsolescence. Railway systems are designed for an extended economic life, but it is acknowledged that the current ad hoc investment flows into the ageing system in South Africa are not productive in terms of future demand, operational performance requirements and escalating maintenance costs. Global technology advancement in rail has moved beyond the limited application of heavy rail, regional and long distance passenger rail. Various new rail based technologies of alternative applications have evolved globally to ensure the competitiveness and attractiveness of rail solutions. If South Africa is serious about ensuring environmentally friendly and energy efficient transportation for its cities to counter growth in private vehicle travel, congestion and spiralling cost of fossil fuels, a selective conversion of appropriate new and improved rail based and mass transit technologies needs to be evaluated, introduced, and established in South Africa ensuring that these take thei r place in the hierarchy of public transport service provision. The technological needs of PRASA over the next 30 years need to be clearly articulated and incorporated into PRASAs long-term planning if passenger rail is to be sustained over the longer-term. The development of a rail technology strategy, together with the appropriate migration requirements over this period will assist in guiding decision-making in much critical technology upgrade or replacement areas within the organisation. The phased implementation of the strategy will be captured in each of the Business Plans roll-outs over time PRASA (2009). 4.1 RESEARCH AIM, QUESTION, SUB-QUESTIONS AND OBJECTIVES Research Aim The aim of this research is to understand to what extent alignment between Business and IT strategies exists, at the Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa (PRASA). Research Questions The research question derived from the problem statement is What can PRASA do to improve business and IT strategies, alignment? The sub questions to answer the main question are: 1. What are business and IT strategies? 2. What is alignment between business and IT strategies? 3. What factors contribute to an alignment gap between business and IT strategies? 4. What factors contributes to an improved alignment between business and IT strategies? Objectives of the research Based on the sub questions the objectives of the research are to 1. Analyse the Businesss and IT strategy 2. Carry out a literature review on the alignment between Business and IT strategies. 3. Analyse the factors that contribute towards Alignment Gap 4. a. Establish strategic alignment best practice. b. Formulate a methodology for aligning Business and IT strategies. c. Propose recommendations to improve PRASAs Business and IT strategies alignment. 4.1 CURRENT STATUS OF THE RESEARCH AREA The literature review will be based on the research into alignment of business and IT strategies. There is a plethora of research available on the alignment of business and IT strategies. Chan and Reich (2007) have carried out comprehensive research on this topic. 4.1 Business and IT strategies 1..1 Business Strategies Croteau and Bergeron (2001) define business strategy as the outcomes of decisions made to guide an organisation with respect to the environment, structure and processes that influence its organisational performance. Hambrick (1980) states that business strategies may be textual, multivariate or typological. Henderson and Venkatraman (1993) architects of the SAM model, view strategy as involving both strategy formulation (decisions pertaining to competitive, product market choices) and strategy implementation (choices that pertain to the structure and capabilities of the firm to execute its product market choices).The SAM model presents two business strategy perspectives where business strategy is the driver namely strategic execution, and technology transformation. figure 3 presents the key attributes of these perspectives. Figure 3 Attributes of Business Strategy perspectives (Henderson Venkatraman 1993) Perspective Driver Role of top management Role of IS management Performance criteria Strategy execution Business Strategy Strategy Formulator Strategic Implementer Cost/Service centre Technology transformation Business Strategy Technology visionary Technology Architect Technology leadership One of the six components of the SAMM Luftman and Kempaiah (2007), is partnership which includes ITs role in defining the businesss strategies. Both of these models (SAM and SAMM) are about aligning business and IT strategies and can be criticised because it does not define what business strategy is. Kay (1996) says that there is much debate on the substance but that most commentators agree that business strategy is concerned with the match between a companies internal capabilities and its external environment. According to Kaplan and Norton (2001) strategy implies the movement of an organisation from its present position to a desirable but uncertain future position. Because the organisation has never been to this future position its intended pathway involves a series of linked hypotheses. It enables the strategic hypotheses to be described as a set of cause and effect relationships that are explicit and testable Kaplan and Norton (2006) The effectiveness of the approach is derived from its ability to clearly describe strategy (using Strategy Maps) and the ability to link strategy to the management system using the BSC. For the purpose of this research business strategy will be described in terms of corporate strategy meaning it will be concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the organization Johnson and Scholes (1997). A definition of corporate strategy presented by Andrews (1980) is : Corporate strategy is the pattern of decisions in a company that determines and reveals its objectives, purposes, or goals, produces the principal policies and plans for achieving those goals, and defines the range of business the company is to pursue, the kind of economic and human organization it is or intends to be, and the nature of the economic and non-economic contribution it intends to make to its shareholders, employees, customers, and communities. Strategic management which is similar to corporate strategy is defined as the set of decisions and actions that result in the formulation and implementation of plans designed to achieve a companys objectives Pearce and Robinson (1988). These tie in with the strategy view of the SAM and Balanced scorecard which both discuss strategy in terms of formulation and execution. Kaplan and Norton (2006) state that the IT strategy gets aligned to business strategy through a portfolio of strategic IT services, which is derived from the business strategy and negotiated with the business units and is measured by the value adding contribution of IT. This is done by providing access to timely and accurate information, creating and supporting business unit partnerships and strategic support to the business for competitive advantage. 1..2 IT Strategic Management Gartner (2007), define IT strategy as a discipline that defines the business value the IT organization will deliver to the enterprise, and the direction it will take to deliver. To do this they recommend that IT build a complete, business-success-focused IT strategy consisting of demand, control and supply. Well-crafted IT strategies demonstrate how IT will contribute to the success of the enterprise relative to its key business goals. The strategies also link major business missions and goals to IT initiatives. The SAM Henderson and Venkatraman (1993) model presents two I/T Strategy perspectives where I/T strategy is the driver namely competitive potential and service level. Figure 4 presents the key attributes of these perspectives Figure 4 Attributes of IT Strategy perspectives (Henderson Venkatraman 1993) Perspective Driver Role of top management Role of IS management Performance criteria Competitive potential I/T Strategy Business visionary Catalyst Business leadership Service level I/T Strategy Prioritizer Executive leadership Customer Satisfaction The latter two models will be used to better understand the alignment between Business and IT at PRASA. 4.1 What is an alignment gap? Business and IT strategies may from time be out of synchronisation or may be misaligned. This misalignment is referred to as an alignment gap. No clear accepted definition of an alignment gap between Business and IT strategy is found in the literature. Luftman and Brier (1999) mention inhibitors which hinder alignment. These inhibitors include: IT/ business lack close relationships, IT does not prioritize well, IT fails to meet its commitments, IT does not understand business, senior executives do not support IT, and IT management lacks leadership Luftman and Brier (1999). They also talk of companies striving to link business and technology and what the impact of misalignment might be if there is no harmony between business and IT. Reich and Benbasat (1996) define linkage as the degree to which the IT mission, objectives, and plans support and are supported by the business mission, objectives, and plans. According to Norton (2002) the reasons why a business strategy and IT strategy gap exist are poor strategy development, management, communication, lack of strategic focus within organizations, and no strategic management process. Rathnam,Johnsen and Wen (2004), used a case study to research why alignment gaps exist, the reasons for alignment gap and the strategy for minimizing the alignment gaps between business and IT. Although the authors talk extensively of alignment gaps in their research, they do not define the term. Their results suggest that improving business strategy vision and communication has the greatest potential for aligning business and IT strategies. Beer and Eisenstat (2000) state that companies have long known that, to be competitive they must develop a good strategy and then appropriately realign structure, systems, leadership behaviour, human resources policies, culture values and management processes. They have identified what they call the the silent killers of strategy implementation and learning. Some of them are, a top down but laissez-faire senior management style, an unclear strategy and conflicting priorities, an ineffective senior management team, also and importantly a poor vertical communication channel, poor coordination across functions and businesses and inadequate down-the-line leadership. Further factors contributing towards the misalignment can take several forms according to Fonvielle and Carr (2001). This can be where individuals believe its members are aligned but in fact, the individuals have different sets of goals or could have the same goals but unstated disagreements on how the goals should be reached. It may also well be that warring camps exist within the organization, ensuring that overall commitment to any chosen strategy is weak. A more relevant case is where an active opposition does not exist, but many group members are unconvinced of the need for, or the likely efficacy of, the proposed action. In other situations and cases people dont know what the goals of the organization are. Gartner (2008), state that aligning IT with the business is often one of the more frustrating and time-consuming experiences. Alignment is often seen as the business and IT operating in parallel worlds, maintaining a common direction, but separated by distance. 4.1 What factors contributes to an improved alignment between business and IT strategies? Luftman (1999) and (Rathman et al., 2004) suggest the following to improve alignment between Business and IT strategies . This is shown in figure 5 Figure 5 Business and IT strategies are improved by alignment between the two Luftman Rathman et al Senior executive support for IT IT involved in strategy development IT understands the business Business partnership Well-prioritized IT projects IT demonstrates leadership Improve business strategy development process More collaborative strategy development between IT and Business departments Define when and how new technology is introduced into strategy development discussions Restructure the organization to ensure focus on enterprise needs (e.g. structure the organization around business processes) Build a business architecture Use a centralized IT organization Include a CIO at the executive council level The Balanced Scorecard will be used to measure the performance of the organisation to ensure alignment between Business and IT strategies Users of the Balanced Scorecard started using the scorecard as a management system, used to manage strategy, Kaplan and Norton (1996). From this they introduced five principles of Strategy-Focused Organisations to assist with aligning and focusing resources on strategy, namely 1. Translate the strategy to Operational Terms 2. Align the organisation to the Strategy 3. Make Strategy everyones everyday Job 4. Make Strategy a Continual process 5. Mobilise Change through Executive leadership This conceptual model will be used to better understand the alignment of Business and IT strategy at PRASA and is depicted in Figure 5. Figure 6 Achieving alignment between Business and IT strategy at PRASA 4.1 RESEARCH DESIGN The research design will use the interpretive case study approach. The interpretive approach involves the researcher adopting an empirical approaches which focus on human interpretations and meanings Walsham (1995). Interpretive research involves non or anti positivism in which facts and values are intertwined and hard to disentangle, and both are involved in scientific knowledge and nomatism which takes the view that scientific knowledge is ideological and inevitably conducive to particular sets of social ends. Either of the latter two positions is open for the interpretive researcher to adopt A case study which is defined by Robson (2002) as a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within real life context using multiple sources of evidence. .Case Study is also known as a triangulated research strategy Tellis (1997). The need for triangulation arises from the ethical need to confirm the validity of the processes Tellis (1997). In case studies, this could be done by using multiple sources of data Yin (2003).The rationale for using multiple sources of data is the triangulation of evidence Tellis (1997). Triangulation increases the reliability of the data and the process of gathering it. In the context of data collection, triangulation serves to corroborate the data gathered from other sources. Yin (2003) identified six primary sources of evidence for corroborating case study research. These are documentation, archival records, interviews, direct observation, participant observation and physical artefacts Yin (2003). The research will use the following sources of data: documentation, archival records and interviews. 4.1 DELINEATION OF THE RESEARCH The study will explore to what extent (if any) an alignment gap between Business and IT strategies exists, at PRASA. The population would include IT managers and business managers from other departments within the PRASA group. 4.1 CONTRIBUTION OF THE RESEARCH Alignment between Business and IT strategies has been problematic (Luftman, 2007). This study will provide a better understanding of the alignment issue in order to do further research into possible frameworks. Studies have shown that better performance can be attained if organisations are tightly aligned. The research will start with identifying the strategic choice of the organisation, based on the work of (Henderson Venkatraman, 1993). This will be followed by a strategic alignment maturity assessment developed by Luftman (2001). Finally performance measures described by the BSC will be used to monitor progress in aligning Business and IT strategies. The contribution of this research would be to better understand the alignment between Business and IT at PRASA. 4.1 Structure of the research Chapter one is an introduction to the research. Chapter two is an in depth literature research on the subject. Chapter three provides comprehensive background on the three theoretical models used, SAM,SAMM and BSC. Chapter four introduces the research design and research methodology followed. Chapter provides the results of the unstructured interviews and Chapter six is the conclusion and recommendations the organisation could use

The Technique Used to Write Powerful Essays

<h1>The Technique Used to Write Powerful Essays</h1><p>Sample expository examination paper plan are composed to assist understudies with seeing how to viably apply the standards and aptitudes that can be applied in their genuine circumstance. While accomplishing their course work, understudies gain from books and from perusing research papers, which give them a diagram of what may not have any significant bearing to their lives. Composing an article because of an examination paper, in this manner, is a superb route for them to apply what they have realized and have the option to make it one stride further.</p><p></p><p>Writing an expository investigation paper plan that is compelling expects understudies to recollect that the paper ought to give the peruser a review of the data and thoughts that are being introduced. The article ought not be about the contention being made. It ought not be about what is being introduced, but instead about how and why the contention is being made. Understudies need to realize that they are writing to assist perusers with understanding the general point being made in the essay.</p><p></p><p>This is the basic examination, and the job of the logical investigation is to encourage this basic investigation. So as to do this, the article ought to be organized such that will empower the understudy to have the option to concentrate on their basic reasoning aptitudes. For instance, the main passage of the exposition must be the most significant section. It must give the data expected to get the peruser to where they have to go. It should then give the devices to the peruser to utilize when they can do this.</p><p></p><p>The data required in the primary passage is the outline. The synopsis comprises of who the peruser is and what they have to know before proceeding onward to the primary contention. It additionally contains the short meaning of what is being introduced. Much of the time, the decision is likewise a synopsis of the primary passage, just as the presentation of the contention. It is the objective of the author to complete the paper in a manner that gives the most data conceivable and it is these subtleties that the peruser needs to understand, not the contention that was presented.</p><p></p><p>The second passage is the scaffold. This is the place the article can start to offer points of interest. The author will utilize this piece of the article to diagram the layout of the contention. The blueprint is the general message of the exposition and it will offer an explanation of the primary thought that was introduced in the main passage. It is in the second section where the author will acquaint the particular subtleties required with furnish the peruser with the fundamental thought of the essay.</p><p></p><p>The third passage is the body of the paper, and this is the pla ce the essayist can start to clarify the principle subject of the exposition. The exposition must present the principle thoughts that the creator is attempting to pass on, and afterward utilize this plan to delineate how it tends to be utilized to take care of an issue. These models are a path for the exposition to show the intensity of the topic. They are models that present a solid circumstance that can be utilized to show how the topic can be utilized to illuminate the problem.</p><p></p><p>The last section is the end, and this is the place the author can give a synopsis of the general exposition. It is in this section the author can close the exposition and portray what they plan to accomplish. It is the end passage that encourages the peruser to comprehend what they can anticipate from the essay.</p><p></p><p>These are the means that ought to be taken to compose a fruitful article, however with a little piece of altering, any expo sition can be transformed into an amazing paper. The guidelines of the article are less significant than the data that the author can place into the exposition to make it something that is clear and succinct. In light of this data, the author can utilize the method that has been plot in this article and see their understudy's expositions transform into exceptional masterpieces.</p>

Bioethics Essay Topics

<h1>Bioethics Essay Topics</h1><p>If you are searching for article points that think about to being a balanced individual, at that point you might need to consider bioethics paper themes. They will assist you with finding out about your own character and the qualities that characterize it.</p><p></p><p>Bioethics exposition subjects are usually isolated into three classes, the first is the general classification. This is the classification that incorporates subjects like the meaning of death, barrenness, sexual direction, opportunity, freedom, and religion. These subjects are normally the most broad and will be utilized in most courses.</p><p></p><p>Essay themes that attention on a particular part of one's life can likewise be found in this classification. For instance, on the off chance that you are keen on a subject like killing, you will discover numerous that remember the point for their papers. The primary motivati on behind such themes is to investigate a mind-blowing impacts on others and other people.</p><p></p><p>You may likewise locate that many paper points depend on the idea of morals. Most ordinarily, this includes moral issues and what our gauges are regarding behavior and ethics. This can help with your contention that you have created and used to decide the best thing to do.</p><p></p><p>In expansion to these general themes, you will likewise discover progressively explicit bioethics article subjects. For instance, one of the themes that has been around for quite a while is passing. Demise has been a hot catch for quite a while and is ordinarily utilized in numerous bioethics essays.</p><p></p><p>Other themes that are explicitly identified with death can likewise incorporate the encounters that one has had while kicking the bucket. You will discover points that spread the way toward biting the dust, managing a t erminal disease, or managing end of life issues. By inspecting such things as these, youwill increase a superior comprehension of what demise intends to you.</p><p></p><p>When it comes to article points that include a more elevated level of information, you will locate that the greater part of them include hypothesis and reasoning. These are the themes that you will discover in a portion of the courses that you take. This incorporates morals courses.</p><p></p><p>Remember that your objectives when searching for bioethics exposition subjects are to get something out of them that you can utilize later on. While you can utilize these subjects to increase a comprehension of yourself, they may not assist you with different aspects of your life. You ought to likewise be mindful so as to discover something that will likewise be utilized in your classes.</p>

Essay Structure Template College - the Story

Paper Structure Template College - the Story The Do's and Don'ts of Essay Structure Template College At all degrees of scholarly learning, exposition composing is a significant part when the composing has the appropriate article structure. An exposition diagram is the thing that you need to arrange the information, not miss anything while composing. At the point when you're done composition, you need to ensure your exposition despite everything holds fast to the brief. Independent of how you'll end up presenting your paper, you should draft it into a word processor. The end is proposed for summing up the crucial purposes of the contention. Next comes the immensely significant theory proclamation that contains a reasonable laying out of what features of the creator's contention you will be talking about. In case you're selecting to v discretionary exposition area on the most up to date form of the SAT, you're likely considering how to get an extraordinary score, particularly since the re are no set in stone answers when you're making a paper. As indicated by suggestion, you need to get ready layout at first before begin composing the absolute first draft of article. The Upside to Essay Structure Template College The key exposition diagram is an extremely basic layout that could help with any scope of themes. A blueprint is going to keep you grounded and be certain you make smooth section advances and keep on subject. It's likewise savvy to experience the exposition layout to learn more regarding the matter of paper structure ones your framework is finished. Article diagram layout might be utilized to set objectives for finishing each piece of your paper. Such a technique will help with the of the paper. In the event that you don't have an incredible layout or diagram structure, there are bunches of acceptable choices accessible all around the globe wide web, so look there! The paper layout formats are very advantageous as you should simply fill in the spaces, and you are set up to begin. School life incorporates composing papers and application letters whether you're in the circle of organization or writing. For school applications, you should have a 10-advance seminar on school application paper writing to discover more. Understudies may take help from the exposition plot layouts promptly accessible on the web and locate a generally excellent thought how to do the paper. By complying with the rules of a college paper layout, an understudy can complete the errand without the should arrange school exposition. You may see school exposition layouts on the web that offer rules about how to structure your article and what comments in every individual passage. Papers are many, and you need to make them all in school and school. To various understudies, a school paper isn't a similar variety. An affirmation article is a kind of exposition that comprises of understudy's individual articulations and their vision of a particular school. Get your inventive energies pumping by conceptualizing all the potential thoughts you can envision to manage your school article question. Before you begin composing your framework, you'll need several things. The extra data you layout, the less difficult it will be to sort out all the considerations while composing. There are loads of things to mull over when arranging an examination. Article Structure Template College - What Is It? Regardless of whether it's an individual articulation for school or a response to a current social issue, 1 thing stays valid. Presen tly you're truly talking about arranging. Continuously remember that if you are adulating or censuring something, you should show why you're doing this. When you conceptualize, you are going to realize what you might want to state, however you need to conclude how you're probably going to state it. It's conceivable to discover more in the net. Whenever you submit a request with us, you are qualified for get impressive proposals from us. You can't consider one paper help on-line administration which gives you top notch stuff at such sensible cost. Our exposition composing administration offers editing administrations in the occasion you stall out on a particular period of composing, or you may get an article and utilizing it as a format to make your showstopper. Life, Death, and Essay Structure Template College Chicago is most oftentimes utilized for business. Diagrams spare you time and offer significant serenity with respect to composing papers. In view of this, you will comprehend what contentions may take care of business for your exposition. The absolute most fundamental piece of your paper planning might be just guaranteeing you genuinely comprehend the inquiry or article brief. Having great paper models gives the peruser a top to bottom and on-the-court thought regarding what an all around organized and reasonable exposition seems like. In your expositions, you may utilize particular methodologies. All papers ought to be composed withproper formating. Besides, account expositions are the frequently experienced papers, which in like manner recount to a story. Factious expositions are to some degree normal, and you'll in all likelihood think of one during your examinations. The following is a genuine case of a generally excellent book report structure. A reasonable book survey structure is basic so as to have a passing mark. It would be far superior in the event that it was explained. Much the same as there are different sorts of article composing, there are different kinds of layouts accessible for it as well. Begin inquiring about and build up a postulation you could compose around. You don't have to research or contend. You ought to be sure that your motivation coordinates in the necessities of your article task. The structure may veer off colossally dependent on the way in which you wish to move toward your crowd or the sort of argumentation you intend to utilize. Beneath you can find an example paper diagram structure to have a superior thought on how best to arrange your own blueprint. On the other side, decimal diagram structure uses a progression of numbers to perceive every subsection. On occasion, a typical five-passage structure will be adequate. The essayist's body passages should be exactly the same as their presentation, aside from much more top to bottom. You just need to ensure your paper is very much organized and it has a point you're endeavoring to pass on to the peruser. In order to include the peruser, author should create a clear methodology. A powerful paper's point is to persuade your perusers your perspective is the best one.

In Class Essay Topics - What Is Your Subject?

<h1>In Class Essay Topics - What Is Your Subject?</h1><p>Choosing the correct point for an article or a test is a precarious thing. All papers should be keen and all around explored to tell the peruser how well you can have an independent perspective. The specific point will rely upon what your subject is, just as what your territory of intrigue is. A few interesting points are:</p><p></p><p>General question: Knowing what your class theme will help a great deal with regards to picking the correct exposition subject. Remember that you won't have sufficient opportunity to compose a full class exposition. Make certain to concentrate on the theme you might want to cover in your group paper. Your subject ought to be identified with your point or it won't be successful.</p><p></p><p>Clear theme: No issue what, you need to ensure that your subject is obviously characterized. Having an unmistakable theme will help in the artic le composing process. Make a point to pick the correct subject, just as the correct sort of theme. Contingent upon what you are composing, attempt to pick the correct subject. For instance, if your point is about a business, your theme ought to be obviously characterized as far as benefit, misfortunes, and benefit sharing.</p><p></p><p>The subject should give you something to discuss that will be intriguing to your peruser. This permits them to get increasingly out of the article. At the point when you pick a subject, ensure you consider the principle focal point of your class.</p><p></p><p>An phenomenal theme to discuss is deals. In the event that you are composing a business paper, you can examine about the procedure of deals. You can expound on the wording utilized in the business, for instance. Different themes you may consider while picking your point incorporate human services, innovation, and sports.</p><p></p> <p>The subject can likewise be a point that has some scholastic composition to it. You can incorporate an examination of specific information or research dependent on your theme, or you can talk about a verifiable occasion or a well known individual that was your subject.</p><p></p><p>Some of the best point thoughts to have close by incorporate the motivation behind why your subject was picked. How would you figure this theme will support you? This will permit you to utilize what you realized in your group to compose your article well.</p>

Topic For a Research Paper - What to Research For Your Topic

Topic For a Research Paper - What to Research For Your TopicIt can be difficult to decide on a topic for a research paper. A topic for a research paper is very important and when you are looking for one it is important that you get one that will allow you to do some research and gather information about a specific field of study. Many times students find themselves searching for topics for a research paper and this can be a problem as they may not be able to figure out what the topic is until the writing has been completed.The first thing that you need to do is to choose the topic that you want to do the research in. Sometimes students will choose topics for a research paper that they may not even be able to do because they are unsure what the topic is going to be. If you have an idea about the subject matter that you want to research then this is a great time to write about it.If you do not know what the topic is then you should start with your research on that topic. Make sure that you understand everything about the topic. Even if you come up with an idea that you know will not work you should still research the topic and see if it is worth it to research the topic further.When you research a topic for a research paper you are going to learn about the different areas of study that a particular subject is in. You should always be able to read between the lines of the information that you are gathering for your topic. If you are not sure about what is true then you should make sure that you research the subject so that you can know what information is accurate.Another thing that you can do is to take a look at the credentials of a certain individual to see if the person can prove the validity of the information that you are researching for your research paper. If there is a strong point to that person or his opinion then you should use this information. If there is something that is wrong with the person then you should use this information.There are a lot of things that you can do for a research paper and you can take advantage of a lot of the information that is available on the internet. This information will allow you to gain knowledge about a specific subject. Once you gain knowledge about a subject you will be able to create a topic for a research paper that will be more effective in gaining information on the subject.After you have researched the topic for a research paper, you should determine what type of information you are going to write about. Do you want to research all of the ways that a certain subject can be used? If you want to just write about the subject then that is great but if you want to research the subject then you should have some idea of how to use the information that you gather.Before you begin writing your topic for a research paper, you should have a general idea of what the topic is going to be about. Knowing the topic before you begin writing it can save you a lot of time and you will be able to focus on other things. This can be one of the most important things that you will do when writing a topic for a research paper.

The Dos and Donts of Short Story Essay: Writing about Theme

<h1> The Do's and Don'ts of Short Story Essay: Writing about Theme</h1> <h2> Short Story Essay : Writing about Theme - What Is It?</h2> <p>The beginning of the story is, where the most significant character will satisfy one another. The incredible thing about the fast story is it is short. In the occasion the story incorporates incongruity, call attention to how it is identified with the story's significance. It starts with the scene in the general store. </p> <p>Starting a subject paper with a phenomenal snare will permit you to catch your perusers consideration. This sort might be alluded to as a morals paper. It clarifies the focal point of your piece and must be associated with the subject of the article. Utilize these recommendations to pick the focal subject of this sort of scholastic paper. </p> <p>It gives you a general theme. Short expositions are still spend the kind of formal article in light of the fact that the parts need to get remembered for it. Descriptive exposition utilizes formal language to go over a person or thing. </p> <p>Analyzing short fiction not just makes it conceivable to discover progressively about some of the components it requires to compose fiction, the examination will have the option to assist you with discovering increasingly about the creator of the work and, in numerous cases, in any event, something important to you. You will as often as possible be mentioned to create an abstract examination. Your artistic examination of a short story will regularly be in the sort of an exposition at which you might be mentioned to introduce your assessments of the speedy story toward the end. Composing a critical investigation of a speedy story is a way to develop essentially perusing the story. </p> <h2> What You Should Do to Find Out About Short Story Essay : Writing about Theme Before You're Left Behind</h2> <p>The cites show the fact of the matter you're making at that point. For example, suppose I have to think of an understudy persona for a snappy story I am co mposing. State it in 1 sentence. </p> <h2> The Basic Facts of Short Story Essay : Writing about Theme </h2> <p>Besides guaranteeing you watch the standards, here are various assets which will assist you with idealizing your entries. A few people have limited capacity to focus so you should have the composing aptitudes to procure your point with simply a couple of words. Our site gives custom composing help and altering help. </p> <p>An examination of a fast story requests essential comprehension of artistic components. Narrating may seem enchanted, however the structure squares are very concrete. Many option coherent structures for articles are pictured as graphs, making them easy to actualize or adjust in the structure of a contention. Aside from your portrayal, the chief route is by method of motifsand images. </p> <h2>New Ideas Into Short Story Essay : Writing about Theme Never Before Revealed </h2> <p>The occasions them selves might be very fascinating, or energizing, however less the widespread human association, they won't connect with our consideration in any evident manner. In reality, endeavor to deliver all portrayals perform twofold responsibility. My own strategies change occasionally. Our models can take a significant region in your life on the off chance that you don't see how to form audits. </p> <h2> Introducing Short Story Essay : Writing about Theme </h2> <p>The absolute initial phase in finding the subject of a scholarly item like a concise story or a novel is by investigating its title. As a dependable guideline, you should focus on the story at first and afterward be worried about the topic. Obviously, your story may have more than 1 topic. A concise story is a work of short, account composition that is generally revolved around a solitary occasion. </p> <p>Other questions with respect to setting can result from the story itself. Watching these p rinciples should assist you with finishing your accounts effectively. Directions along with a conversation on subject is found by following the hyperlink. Evaluate this activity when you've discovered your point. </p> <p>Short papers are significant when one is wanting to introduce a significant subject without expecting to make parts out of words or utilizing various pages. This page is intended for beginners. It is encouraged to include a few statements in more prominent detail. Utilize specific statements from the short story to fortify your thought. </p> <p>Without a tail, the survey shows up desolate and brutal don't insult the awful thing! An astounding snare sentence should catch your perusers eye. It's additionally some place to communicate your musings and considerations about the creator and story. By posing inquiries in regards to your thought. </p>